Doubt & Faith: Top Reasons People Question Christianity

Recent data show a majority in America is open to tapping more deeply into their spiritual life—yet this curiosity may naturally be accompanied by tough questions. Are churches making space for this reality?

Today’s article, an excerpt from “What Do We Do with Doubt?”—the first release in Barna’s Spiritually Open study, available exclusively on Barna Access Plus—digs into the doubts that keep people away from the Christian Church.

52% of U.S. Adults & Teens Have Experienced Religious Doubts in the Past Few Years
First, the good news: Recent data show that Americans are trending toward spiritual openness. As of October 2022, Barna data show three out of four U.S. adults (74%) say they want to grow spiritually. Additionally, the same proportion (77%) say they believe in a higher power. Nearly half (44%) say they are more open to God today than before the pandemic.

With this openness comes opportunity, but also doubts. Our new data sheds light on the doubt that often accompanies people on their spiritual journeys.

Over half of teens and adults (so, the U.S. general population ages 13+) report that they’ve experienced doubts about their religious beliefs at least sometimes (12% frequently, 16% occasionally, 24% sometimes) in the past few years.

Similarly, exactly half of those who are Christian or who have some Christian background or experience (50%) say they have gone through a “prolonged” period of doubt at some point in their life.

Overall, most in the general population, and Christians in particular, see doubt as a phase to move through, and arriving at certainty is the preferable end goal. Interestingly, teens and adults of other faiths and especially those of no faith have more comfort with doubt, less often seeing it as something to be overcome—and even seeing it as something to be praised.

Past Religious Experiences & Hypocrisy Are Top Causes for Doubt
What reasons do U.S. adults give for doubting the Christian faith? Over one-quarter (27%) says their cause for doubt comes from past experiences with a religious institution. For those with some distance from Christianity or the Church (whether we analyze by people of no faith, the unchurched, those who could be described as deconstructing and so on), the “hypocrisy of religious people” is the top driver of doubt.

Elsewhere in this study, and throughout many years of Barna’s research, our data shows that those who are reluctant to affiliate with a church say Christians seem closed and judgmental, or that they often value being right in their beliefs over and above helping others make their own faith discoveries. 

Interestingly, pastors seem attuned to this reality. By an overwhelming majority, pastors assume that past experiences with a religious institution (83%) or the hypocrisy of religious people (80%) cause people to doubt Christian beliefs. These are indeed among the top responses among people of no faith, along with science and human suffering. Those in the pews, meanwhile, seem less aware of—or less willing to admit—potential barriers to belief.

The Spiritually Open research underscores a need for churches to become safe places for people of all ages and stages of faith to grapple with questions—the ones that may keep them from fully embracing Christian beliefs, as well as the ones that may captivate them and draw them toward faith.

Additional reading and resources:

• Interested in reading “What Do We Do with Doubt?” in full? This—and a variety of other Spiritually Open resources, including a field guide for faith leaders, an exclusive video interview with Walter Kim (President, National Association of Evangelicals) and the Sharing Jesus Assessment—are available exclusive in Barna Access Plus.
• For more data and insights on the state of evangelism in the U.S., check out Reviving Evangelism and Reviving Evangelism in the Next Generation.
• Curious what faith conversations look like in the digital age? Read Spiritual Conversations in the Digital Age and our Digital Evangelism reports to learn more.
• Is your church ready to welcome and openly engage with spiritually open and curious people? For more resources related to faith-sharing, check out our new Evangelism channel in Barna Access Plus.

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